Iolite

Tumbled Iolite

Meaning: Iolite (Indian: Kakaneeli; Italian: Iolite) is a blue to purplish-blue color, transparent to opaque stone which shows a strong trichroism (pleochroism) of pale blue, dark violet-blue and pale yellow. This pale yellow pleochroism is seen along the optic axis direction. Optic axis direction is a direction within a D.R. stone where the stone acts like a S.R.

If a blue stone is rotated in different direction and shows shades of its body color with a light shade of yellow color then it can be confirmed as an iolite. This pleochroism feature is not always conclusive evidence to confirm the stone as an iolite because sometimes iron staining in iolite can be the cause for this yellow shade.

A wise lapidary generally keeps the optic axis direction (yellow shade) of iolite either at the girdle or at the culet (in facetted cut stones); so that it can not easily be seen by traders and can be sold as simulant for other stones (e.g. blue sapphire, tanzanite, etc.). Another main fact for keeping yellow shade of iolite either at girdle or at culet is to increase its value in terms of price. The better the dark blue / violet shade on the table facet of iolite, the better the price. An iolite having good clarity, color, cut and size but with yellow / brown shade appearing on the table facet will reduce its price.


Properties
Chemical Composition: 
Silicate of magnesium and aluminium Mg2Al4Si5O18 (replacement of Mg by Fe2+ and Mn, and Al by Fe3+
Classification / Type: 
-
Colors / Varieties: 
Blue, purplish, violet blue. / Blood Shot Iolite (full of hematite inclusions) / Chatoyancy, star and aventurescent varieties.
Crystal System / Forms: 
Orthorhombic System / Prismatic, pseudo-hexagonal forms generally twinned, water worn pebbles. Crystals often show lamellar structure.
Hardness: 
7 - 7.5
Specific Gravity: 
2.56 - 2.66 (higher with Fe %)
Cleavage / Fracture: 
Distinct 1 directional / Uneven to conchoidal.
Optic Character: 
Anisotropic, D.R.; Biaxial Negative.
Lustre: 
Vitreous.
Refractive Index / Birefringence: 
1.542 - 1.551 / 0.009. Range: 1.53 - 1.56
Pleochroism: 
Strongly trichroic: pale blue / dark violet blue / pale yellow or brown.
Dispersion: 
0.017
Magnification: 
Crystal and fluid inclusions, red hexagonal platelets of hematite, color zoning.
U.V. Fluorescence: 
Inert.
Spectrum: 
Lines at 645nm, 593nm, 535nm, 456nm.
Cause of Color: 
Iron
Treatment (Enhancement): 
Specific Tests & Remarks: 
Eye visible pleochroism.
Synthesis: 
-
Simulants (with key separation tests): 
Blue Sapphire (R.I., S.G., inclusions, pleochroism), Tanzanite (pleochroism, R.I., S.G.), Amethyst (optic figure, pleochroism), Scapolite (optic figure, pleochroism, U.V. fluorescence), Glass (optic character)
Geological Occurrence: 
Gneiss and crystalline schists, in contact metamorphic zones.
Sources: 
Myanmar, Madagascar, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, India.
Cuts & Uses: 
Facetted cuts, cabochon, beads, etc.

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